;
;
;Ulitimate Civ II - Civilopedia Descriptions Text File -- Copyright (c) 1997 MicroProse Software, Inc. 
;
;This file contains the descriptions of all the Civilization Advances, City Improvements, Wonders of
;the World, Units, and Game Concepts displayed in the Civilopedia. It is designed to be adaptable to
;conform to customized scenarios by the replacing existing text with scenario-specific text.
;
;PLEASE MAKE A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT FILE BEFORE YOU MAKE ANY CHANGES!
;
;
;

@ADVANCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: This section consists (verbatim) of the following files from the original Civilopedia, ;strung together to make one contiguous section: ADVANC1.PDE, ADVANC2.PDE, ADVANC3.PDE,
;and ADVANC4.PDE. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Amphibious Warfare will be the 55'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@ADVANCE_INDEX
0,			; Advanced Flight
1,			; Alphabet
54,			; Amphibious Warfare
2,			; Astronomy
3,			; Atomic Theory
4,			; Automobile
5,			; Banking
6,			; Bridge Building
7,			; Bronze Working
8,			; Ceremonial Burial
9,			; Chemistry
10,			; Chivalry
11,			; Code of Laws
55,			; Combined Arms
12,			; Combustion
13,			; Communism
14,			; Computers
15,			; Conscription
16,			; Construction
17,			; The Corporation
18,			; Currency
19,			; Democracy
56,			; Economics
20,			; Electricity
21,			; Electronics
22,			; Engineering
57,			; Environmentalism
58,			; Espionage
23,			; Explosives
24,			; Feudalism
25,			; Flight
59,			; Fundamentalism
26,			; Fusion Power
27,			; Genetic Engineering
60,			; Guerrilla Warfare
79,			; Gunpowder
80,			; Horseback Riding
81,			; Industrialization
82,			; Invention
83,			; Iron Working
28,			; Labor Union
61,			; The Laser
62,			; Leadership
29,			; Literacy
63,			; Machine Tools
30,			; Magnetism
31,			; Map Making
32,			; Masonry
33,			; Mass Production
34,			; Mathematics
35,			; Medicine
36,			; Metallurgy
64,			; Miniaturization
65,			; Mobile Warfare
37,			; Monarchy
66,			; Monotheism
38,			; Mysticism
39,			; Navigation
40,			; Nuclear Fission
41,			; Nuclear Power
42,			; Philosophy
43,			; Physics
44,			; Plastics
-1,			; Plumbing
68,			; Polytheism
45,			; Pottery
69,			; Radio
46,			; Railroad
47,			; Recycling
48,			; Refining
70,			; Refrigeration
49,			; The Republic
50,			; Robotics
51,			; Rocketry
71,			; Sanitation
72,			; Seafaring
52,			; Space Flight
73,			; Stealth
53,			; Steam Engine
84,			; Steel
85,			; Superconductor
74,			; Tactics
75,			; Theology
86,			; Theory of Gravity
87,			; Trade
88,			; University
76,			; Warrior Code
77,			; The Wheel
78,			; Writing
67,			; Future Technology
89,			; User Def Tech A
-1,			; User Def Tech B
-1,			; User Def Tech C
-1,			; Extra Advance 1
-1,			; Extra Advance 2
-1,			; Extra Advance 3
-1,			; Extra Advance 4
-1,			; Extra Advance 5
-1,			; Extra Advance 6
-1,			; Extra Advance 7
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Advanced Flight
Men of the West is a collective term used to denote the descendents of the Numenorians who remained faithful to the Valar during the Second Age when the Numenorian King Ar-Pharazon foolishly mounted a ill-fated sea-borne assault on the Undying Lands where the Valar lived. They were spared from the utter destruction of Numenor and thereafter formed the Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor in Middle Earth. 
 
@@Alphabet
Certain tribes of men, notably the Haradrim in the South and the inhabitants of Rhun in the East worshipped or were otherwise allied to the Dark Lord Sauron. Other cateories of fallen men include Black Numenorians, inhabitants of Khand and the Corsair Pirates. Other groups of men, like the Dunlendings allied themselves with Saruman and his Uruks and could be considered fallen as well.    

@@Astronomy
Dimrill Dale is the valley that lay outside the East Gate of the Mines of Moria. It is where the Fellowship of the Ring dwelled briefly to mourn the passing of Gandalf the Grey.

@@Atomic Theory
After defeating the last Balrog, Gandalf the Grey's life force on Middle Earth was spent but the Valar decided to return him to Middle Earth as Gandalf the White to continue his task of defeating Sauron. The suffix 'White' was reserved for the leader of the Istari and as Saruman the White had turned his back on the Valar, the leadership of the Istari was bestowed upon Gandalf, with all the power that the title entailed.

@@Automobile
Narsil was the sword of Elendil, which his son Isildur used to cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand during the Last Alliance of Men and Elves. Narsil was shattered when Elendil was killed and only reforged as Anduril (Flame of the West) in Rivendell after the One Ring reappeared. The wielder of the Anduril was Aragorn son of Arathorn, the rightful heir to Isildur.  

@@Banking
The Three Hunters is a term used to describe Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli durng the period when they were pursuing the Uruk-hai who kidnapped Merrin and Pippin. It is derived from the quote: "We will make such a chase as shall be accounted a marvel among the Three Kindreds : Elves. Dwarves, and Men. Forth the Three Hunters!"

@@Bridge Building
Elladan and Elrohir were sons of Lord Elrond who regularly hunted orcs because their mother had once been captured by them. After the Battle of Helm's Deep, they delivered a message to Aragorn from Elrond, saying: "The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the Paths of the Dead." They accompanied Aragorn thereafter till the destruction of the One Ring.

@@Bronze Working
The Grey Company is the force of Dunedain, Elves, and other Men from the remnants of the Kingdom of Arnor who traveled South to aid Gondor in the fight against Mordor. They joined up with Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli in Rohan after the defeat of Saruman and also fought alongside Gondor's soldiers in the defense of Minas Tirith.

@@Ceremonial Burial
The Last Great Alliance refers to the alliance formed by the Elven High King Gil-galad and King Elendil of the Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor at the end of the Second Age. They marched on Mordor, besieged Barad-dr, and defeated Sauron although both Gil-galad and Elendil lost their lives in the process.

@@Chemistry
Whereas the Third Age was very much a transition era where Middle Earth was still dominated by the Elves, the fourth Age would be the Age of Men. Men of Middle Earth refers to all men, including both those of Numenorian descendents, as well as lesser men from the north(Rohirrim), south(Haradrim) and east(Easterlings).

@@Chivalry
After Gandalf the White used his power to free King Theoden of Rohan from the hypnotic effect of Grima Wormtongue, the King was known as Theoden the Renewed. Theoden is reputed to have said at that juncture: "Dark have been my dreams of late, but I feel as one new-awakened." He thereafter led the Riders of Rohan in victory against the orcs of Saruman. 

@@Code of Laws
An Entmoot is a formal meeting of Ents held to discuss matters of great importance. As Entish is a very slow protracted language, it took the Ents days of debate before they decided to march South to Isengard, to put an end to Saruman's burning of Fangorn Forest. Of the Entmoot Gandalf said "A thing is about to happen which has not happened since the Elder Days- the Ents are going to wake up and find that they are strong." This advance is essential if Isengard is to be defeated.

@@Combustion
Denethor, Steward of Gondor, would have to yield control of the Kingdom back to its rightful King Aragorn if he somehow managed to hold Minas Tirith against the might of Mordor. On the other hand, if the great city fell, Gondor would be lost and there would be nothing left for him to be Steward of. With the death of his son Boromir, wisdom gave way to dispair and he decided the second was the lesser of two evils. In his youth, Denethor's father, Ecthelion II, always preferred the loyal warrior Thorongil to his own son, and it was ironical that Thorongil was none other than Aragorn himself.

@@Communism
As Aragorn was the last rightful heir of Elendil and bearer of the Heirlooms of Isildur, he was crowned King Elessar II soon after the defeat of Sauron, in which he played an instrumental part. This was a pre-condition that Elrond imposed for him to wed Arwen Evenstar his daughter. With the Return of the King, you will be able to use a superior form of government, Kingship.

@@Computers
The Battle of Hornburg, sometimes called the Battle of Helm's Deep, was a major engagement in the early part of the War of the Ring in which the Rohirrim were besieged in the fortress of Helm's Deep. The Hornburg was the castle keep at the fortress of Helm's Deep. The survival of Rohan was crucial as it meant that King Theoden would be able to muster the Riders of the Riddermark and ride to the rescue of Minis Tirith when the call for aid from Lord Denethor arrived.

@@Conscription
The King of the Men of the Mountains had sworn allegiance to Isildur at Gondor's founding. But when Isildur summoned them to fight Sauron as part of the Last Great Alliance, none came. Isildur cursed them and they were never to rest until they fulfilled their oath. The Oathbreakers hid themselves under the mountains of Dwimorberg and there they remained for over 3,000 years. As the heir to Isildur, Aragorn has the right to summon the Oathbreakers to fulfill their oath.

@@Construction
The stoneworking of the Numenorians was second to none and examples of their engineering skills include the Tower of Orthanc, the Walls of Minas Tirith and of course the Argonath, two colossal statues guarding the Northern approach to Gondor. It would seem to the modern day observer that Numenorian Stonework is really a form of reinforced concrete whose formula was lost sometime in during the decline of the Numenorians.

@@Corporation
The Blackroot is a river that springs from the mountains near the southern approach to the Paths of the Dead. The Archers of Blackroot hail from the vale through which the river flows and were well known for their archery skills. During the War of the Ring, their lord Duinhir took a small company of bowmen, including his sons Derufin and Duilin, to the defence of Minas Tirith and helped bring down several Mumakil by piercing their eyes with arrows.

@@Currency
Lamedon is a region of Gondor on the southern slopes of the White Mountains centered around the town of Calembel. Anbor the Lord of Lamedon was the only one among his men who was not fearful of Aragorn's Army of the Dead. During the War of the Ring a few of their number joined in the defense of Minas Tirith, but the majority of Lamedon's men were involved in a battle with the Haradrim and Corsairs in Southern Gondor itself. 

@@The Democracy
Gil-galad was the last of the six High Kings of the Noldor Elves. A scion of the House of Fingolfin, he was named High King after the fall of the city of Gondolin. Gil-galad enjoyed the friendship of the Numenoreans, both before and after Numenor was destroyed. Elves and Men fought side by side during the War of the Elves and Sauron and also the Battle of the Last Alliance where Sauron was defeated for a second time. In that battle Gil-galad was slain but his legacy of frienship between Elves and Men continued to endure even after his death.

@@Electricity
Wild Men refers to the Dunlendings who inhabited Dunland in the southern regions of Eriador during the Third Age. They were the sworn enemies of the Rohirrim due to a bloody war 250 years in the past. Because of this, it was not difficult for Saruman to rekindled the hatred of the Rohirrim among the Dunlendings for his own purposes and stir them to war. They formed part of the forces that beseiged Helm's Deep.

@@Electronics
The Council of Elrond was a secret council called by Lord Elrond in Rivendell to decide what should be done with the One Ring. Various ideas of hiding the Ring were discussed but eventually it was decided that the only way to be free of Sauron once and for all was to cast the Ring into the Cracks of Doom in Mount Doom. Frodo, who was resistant to the Ring's corrupting effect offered to take the Ring. The halfling, together with those who volunteered to accompany and protect him were known as the Fellowship of the Ring. These events take place just before the scenario begins.

@@Engineering
Oliphaunts are pachyderms much like the wooly mammoth, but without the thick winter wool. They were used by the Haradrim as war animals and when fully equipped with war paint and saddled with war towers, they were referred to as Mumakil. They were powerful beasts with a thick amour like skin protecting most of their body.    

@@Explosives
Gwaihir Windlord was the leader of the giant eagles of Middle Earth during the War of the Ring. Although much smaller than his ancestor Thorondor, Lord of the Eagles in the First Age, he was still large enough to bear a man's weight. Gwaihir had a particularly close relationship with Gandalf and bore him three times and it was through Gwaihir that requests could be made for the aid of the Eagles.

@@Feudalism
The warg is a creature that resembles a wolf, but is generally larger and more intelligent. They are usually in league with the orcs whom they permitted to ride on their backs. Saruman bred Wargs in dens beneath Isengard, and during the War of the Ring he sent orcs mounted on Wargs into battle against the Rohirrim to great effect.

@@Flight
Uruk-hai were large black orcs of great strength. Saruman created his own army of Uruk-hai by crossbreeding orcs with goblin-men. Unlike the orcs of Mordor, Saruman's Uruks were resistance to sunlight and used the armour and weapons of men. Being intelligent and stronger, the Uruk-hai looked down upon and often bullied other kinds of orcs.

@@Fusion Power
The Army of Light refers to the informal alliance of peoples determined to thwart the return of Sauron. The Men of the West (Gondor and the Dunedain Rangers) and Men of the North (Rohan, Men of Dale and the Beornings) made up a good part of the Army. The second important contingent of the Army of Light was the Elves (of the Woodland Realm, Lothlorien and Rivendell). Of the other inhabitants of Middle Earth, the Dwarves of the Iron Hills and Lonely Mountain, the Ents of Fangorn and the Eagles also played an important role.    

@@Genetic Engineering
The Corsair Pirates were descendents of the followers of Castamir the Usurper, the loser in the Gondor succession wars known as the 'Kin-Strife'. King Eldacar finally slew the usurper after Castamir held the throne for ten years and the remnants of his forces and his surviving sons retreated by ship to the Port Umbar, far to the south. These descendants became the "Corsairs of Umbar", fierce pirates who terrorized the coastal areas of Gondor. They were part of the Army of Darkness and threathened Gondor from the South even as Mordor attacked from the East. 

@@Labor Union
In pre-indstrial societies, it was common for practioners of a certain craft to band together to form trade guilds. Through these organizations, craftsmen made binding oaths to support one another in times of adversity and to back one another in feuds or business ventures. At the same time, the guilds allowed a formal system of training and the creation of product and service standards, and consequently often acted as a boost to the local economy. 

@@Literacy
In Middle Earth, industrial production was the purview of Saruman and he was described as possessing "a mind like metal and wheels". Isengard was also the only power to master gunpowder. To feed his forges of industry, he burned much of Fangorn Forest as fuel. It was through these means that he was able to quickly equip his newly bred Uruk-hai army with metallic weapons and armour. When describing Isengard, Gandalf used the words "a dark smoke hung and wrapped itself about the sides of Orthanc" while Treebeard referred to Saruman as "industry" itself.

@@Magnetism
In the movie, Gandalf remarks after the victory of the Rohirrim "Saurons wrath will be terrible, his retribution swift. The battle for Helms Deep is over. The battle for Middle-Earth is about to begin. All our hopes now lie with two little hobbits. Somewhere in the wilderness." As far as I know, these lines are not from the book.

@@Map Making
With the defeat of Isengard, Sauron knows that there is no chance that of recovering the Ring from the hobbits captured by Saurman's uruk-hai at Amon Hen. As he fears Gandalf or one of the Elven Lords will eventually use the Ring against him in desperation, he hastily assembles a huge army of orcs and men, the Host of Mordor, to crush Minas Tirith once and for all.

@@Masonry
Cair Andros is a large river-island in the Anduin, north of Osgiliath. The island is long and narrow and at its northern end, sharp rocks split the waters of the river in a bubbling foam that gives the island its name. Strategically, the island is of immense importance as apart from the bridge at Osgiliath, it is the only practical means for an army from the East to cross the Anduin into Gondor's heartlands. The defences at Cair Andros were breached during the War of the Ring, allowing Mordor to intercept reinforcements that rode from Rohan.

@@Mass Production
The Black Fleet refers to the Armarda of Corsair ships deployed during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. It was described as "fifty great ships and smaller vessels beyond count" and was used to raid the Port City of Pelargir in Lebennin. The Black Fleet was ultimately captured by Aragorn with the aid of the Army of the Dead.

@@Mathematics
Saruman the White was the Chief of the Order of Istari. While he was wise and powerful, he was also proud and envious and that proved to be his undoing. He became corrupted by desire for the One Ring and was ensnared by the will of Sauron. At the point of his corruption, he is reputed to have said "A new Power is rising. Against it the old allies and policies will not avail us at all. There is no hope left in Elves or dying Numenor." When Saruman surcumbed to evil, he stopped wearing his white attire. He was no longer Saruman the White but instead chose to call himself Saruman the Multi-coloured, wearing robes of shifting hues.

@@Medicine
Orcs were not meant to exist according to the Vision of Ilvatar, hence the term unnatural creation. It is said that orcs originated through the corruption of Elves captured by Melkor before the beginning of the First Age. Orcs are mostly squat, vile creatures. Being creatures of the dark, most of them were blinded by the light of the Sun, but the kinds bred later in the Third Age such as the Uruk-hai could endure the daylight. Sub types of the orcs include the Uruk-hai, Olog-hai and Goblins. 

@@Metallurgy
Harad is the name given to the immense, sun-baked lands to the South of Gondor and Mordor. The Men of Harad, called the Haradrim or Southrons, were ancient enemies of the Gondorians and allies of Sauron during the War of the Ring. Harad's tribes were divided into those of Near and Far Harad. Those of Near Harad were brown-skinned, with black hair and dark eyes, whereas the people of Far Harad had black skin. The equivalent of Harad in today's terms would be the Middle East and Africa.

@@The Monarchy
The royal line of Gondor was decimated during the succession wars known as the Kin-Strife and when King Earnur died without an hier, control of the kingdom fell to lesser men who acted as Stewards. They were to 'hold rod and rule in the name of the king until he shall return'. During the events of the Lord of the Ring, the Steward of Gondor was Denethor of the House of Hurin. The Steward is not the King and as such, Stewardship is an inferior form of government to Kingship. 

@@Mysticism
The Eagles were nobel and intelligent beings, descended from the Great Eagles of the First Age. They participated in the War of the Ring as part of the Army of Light and could hold their own against Nazgul mounted on flying fellbeasts. They could converse with each other, the Istari and presumably the Elves who would often rely on them for expedient transport in times of great need. It was the Eagles who ferried Gandalf, and at another time Frodo and Sam from danger.

@@Navigation
Fangorn Forest is the only remnant of the Great Forest which once spanned much of Middle Earth west of the Misty Mountains. Within its boundaries dwell Ents, a very old race that appeared in Middle-earth in the First Age. It is said that they were created by Eru Ilvatar at the behest of Yavanna after she learned of the Dwarves propensity for felling trees. Ents acted as shepherds of the trees, protecting the forests from Orcs, Dwarves and other perils. Sometime after their awakening, they were taught to speak by the Elves.

@@Nuclear Fission
Not Used.

@@Nuclear Power
Not Used.

@@Philosophy
The Nine Rings were made by Celebrimbor and the Elves of Eregion circa 1500 of the Second Age. The Elves made the Rings under the instruction of Sauron, who had come to them in disguise as Anatar. Sauron then forged the One Ring to control the other Rings of Power. The Nine Rings were given as gifts to Kings among men and they made their wearers invisible and prolonged their lives. But these gifts soon became a curse for the Men who bore the Nine Rings. They eventually became permanently invisible and their lives were stretched out until living became unbearable. They became Wraiths, unseen  except when they clad themselves in black robes. The bearers of the Nine Rings first appeared as the Ringwraiths, or Nazgul, around 2251 of the Second Age. 

@@Physics
The Hills of Emyn Muil is a range which rose up on both sides of the River Anduin although the Eastern portion is much larger. Frodo and Sam were lost in these hills for days until they came across the creature Gollum. This advance is essential if you are to send the ring bearers secretly into Mordor to destroy the Ring.

@@Plastics
Ithilien was a prosperous region during the Second Age and was filled with many woods and gardens, when Gondor was at the height of its power. As Gondor waned, the fortress of Minas Ithil guarding its Eastern borders was lost to the Ring Wraiths and by 2475 the Watchful Peace was broken when orcs from Mordor began to appear. In 2901 the orc raids grew so severe that the remainder of the population of Ithilien fled across Anduin and Gondor withdrew from the province. However Gondor still kept scouts in Ithilien, based on secret locations such as Henneth Annun.

@@Pottery
While there are still pure Numenorians in Dol Amroth and many descendents of Elendil who inter-married with lesser humans, none of them have a claim on the throne of Gondor. If Aragorn dies before producing any hiers, the pure line of Numenorians leading back to Isildur will be broken once and for all and Gondor will have no hope of regaining is past glory.

@@Railroad
Not Used.

@@Recycling
Mithril is a silvery metal, stronger but lighter than steel. It was much coveted by pretty much everyone but it was only the Dwarves who knew how to mine and smelt it. Its main use was in the forging of armour and weaponary. Gandalf remarked it worth was ten times more than gold in the days when the Dwarves were still mining it and that it has become priceless since the Dwarves were driven out of Moria. It would seem to the modern day reader that Tolkien was referring to Titanium which has all the properties ascribed to Mithril.

@@Refining
During the War of the Ring, Prince Imrahil led a company of Knights and 700 men at arms to Minas Tirith to help defend it. Imrahil was the Prince of Dol Amroth and ruled the great fiefdom of Belfalas in southern Gondor where the coastal city of Dol Amroth was located. The line of the Princes of Dol Amroth, though they were mosly Numenorian, claimed a measure of Elvish blood. The first Prince, Galador, was half-elven: his father was Imrazor the Nmenrean, but his mother was an Elf-maid, Mithrellas. Imrahil was Galador's direct descendant through twenty-one generations.

@@The Republic
Please refer to the decriptions of govenrment types in the civpedia.

@@Robotics
Please refer to the decriptions of govenrment types in the civpedia.

@@Rocketry
Melkor was one of the Valar once upon a time. While the Valar descended into Arda to order and govern wisely, Melkor sought power for himself alone, and sought to bend all things to his own will. All that the Valar made, Melkor looked to destroy. He was renamed Morgoth upon his rebellion against his brethren. Morgoth wreacked havoc in Middle Earth and the wars against Morgoth took place in the First Age. While he was finally defeated and banished, he left behind his lieutenant Sauron, who was a fallen Maiar (of the same rank as Gandalf) bent on fulfilling Melkor's Legacy.

@@Space Flight
Not Used.

@@Steam Engine
Pelargir, which means Royal Garth of Ships, was the first city of the faithful Numenoreans in exile. It was founded in 2350 Second Age before the birth of Gondor. It was where Elendil first set foot on the shores of Middle Earth, and was ever after the home of the Gondorian fleet. What is significant about Pelargir is its strategic position. The port city was atacked by Corsair Pirates more than once, including the occasion where the Corsairs were attempting to sail up the River Anduin to join the seige on Minis Tirith during the War of the Ring. 

@@Amphibious Warfare
Metal smelting was possible only with the increased airflow given by bellows in conjunction with the use of superheated coals in an enclosed furnaces. This was the only way to make any usable quantities of steel, a metal far superior to all metals except mithril. This technology was initially the province of the Elves and Dwarves but it eventually passed on to the various groups of men. Besides techniques for melting iron ore, techniques for the treatment of the metal, like annealing, quenching and carburisation all had to be mastered before iron was given the necessary combination of useful properties like sharpness and hardness.

@@Combined Arms
While the Ents found it easy enough to rip the walls of Isengard chunck by chunk, the Tower of Orthanc within was constructed using Numenorian stoneworking techniques which made them too smooth for the Ents to grip on to. As the Ents attempted to get into the tower, Saruman began to use various forms of fires to fend them off. To counteract this, Treebeard decided to divert the waters of the River Isen into the great caverns below the Tower of Orthanc and all of Saruman's furnaces of war were extinguished in a great flood.

@@Economics
The Olog-hai were the ultimate race of trolls bred by Sauron in the later years of the Third Age, often seen in southern Mirkwood and the mountains surrounding Mordor. Like other trolls, they were stronger and more powerful than the orcs but at the same time exhibited the intelligence and skill of their smaller kin. Another of their superior qualities was their resistance to direct sunlight, unlike the earlier orcs and trolls.

@@Environmentalism
Being creatures of the dark, most types of orcs are blinded by the light of the Sun, or any bright light for that matter. In order to allow his dark armies to travel and fight by day, Sauron conjured up clouds of ash, which was relatively easy since he had Mount Doom, an active volcano, at his disposal. While this was an effective tactic to block out the sunlight, it also served as a early warning to Sauron's intended victims. 

@@Espionage
The One Ring was the greatest of the Rings of Power. Sauron created it to rule the other rings. He gave these other rings as gifts to the kings of men, and they imbued their wearers with great power. But the rings corrupted even the strongest of men and over time turned them into undying ring wraithes under Sauron's command. In order do this, he invested the One Ring with much of his strength and will. Thus the One Ring was a source of great power for Sauron, but it was also his greatest weakness. For when the Ring was destroyed, so too would Sauron be destroyed. 

@@Fundamentalism
As Sauron began to regain strength when the Ring saw the light of day once again, he began assembling the Army of Darkness. It was with this Army that he would subjugate Middle Earth once and for all. The army natuarally had legions of orcs, trolls and other dark creatures but to ensure success, Sauron also recruited more than one contingent of men. These included Easterlings, Southrons and a smaller number of Black Numenorians.

@@Guerrilla Warfare
Basically, after obtaining this bit of lore, you will get the bonus of partisan type units springing up if you lose a city. This advance is derived from King Theoden's words, "Now is the hour come, Riders of the Mark, sons of Eorl! Foes and fire are before you, and your homes far behind. Yet, though you fight upon an alien field, the glory that you reap there shall be your own for ever. Oaths ye have taken: now fulfil them all, to lord and land and league of friendship!" 

@@The Laser
In order to study ancient lore, one would have to be familiar with many of the ancient tongues which were no longer in common usage in the Third Age. One example is Quenya, or High-elven, which was spoken by the Vanyar and oldor Elves. Another is Adunaic, the mother tongue of most Nmenoreans in the Second Age before Westron became predominant among the Men of the West. Then there is also Black Speech, the language of Mordor invented by Sauron. 

@@Leadership
When Pippin touched the Palantir of Orthanc, he came into contact with Sauron who mistakenly believed he was the Ring Bearer. The episode left Pippin severly shaken but served to intensify the the Dark Lord's frantic search for Frodo, in the wrong place. This is basically a useless research item, and only serves to introduce an additional element of randomness into the AI timeline. 

@@Machine Tools
The Witch-king of Angmar, also known as Lord of the Nazgul or the Black Captain, is Sauron's right hand. The Witch King got his name after he formed a kingdom in Angmar after the earlier defeat of Sauron in the Battle of the Last Alliance. While Angmar eventually fell with the aid of Elves from Rivendell, the Witch King did succeed in depleting the northern kingdom of Arnor through a series of attacks and plagues, setting the scene for his master's return. It was said by Glorfindel of the Witch King that 'not by the hand of man will he fall' and that turned out to be true.

@@Miniaturization
During the Third Age, the term Easterling was applied to those Men living to the East of the Sea of Rhn, who were allied with Sauron and frequently attacked Gondor. Among the many tribes of Easterlings described by Tolkien were the Wainriders, the Balchoth and the Variags. In the modern day context, you could view the Easterlings as a mix of Persians and the Mongolian horde.

@@Mobile Warfare
Not Used.

@@Monotheism
The Lords of Andunie were noblemen descended from the Kings of Numenor. They served as councillors to the Kings, but while the Kings became corrupt, the Lords of Andunie remained friendly with the Elves and faithful to the will of the Valar. When King Ar-Pharazon's fleet set out to attack the Undying Lands, Elendil who was Lord of the Andunie at the time took the opportunity to escape by sea with his sons Isildur and Anorion. The Valar destroyed the Numenorian fleet and caused the island of Numenor to sink beneath the sea. The faithful Andunie settled on Middle Earth and Elendil went on to found the kingdoms of Gondor and Anor, with both kingdoms maintaining frienship with the Elves.

@@Future Technology
Any lore associated with the Fourth Age, also known as the Age of Men, will be of no use to you in the War of the Ring, which took place in the Third Age.

@@Polytheism
Not Used.

@@Radio
Treebeard was the oldest of the Ents - the great shepherds of the forests who resembled the trees they guarded. He once roamed far and wide through the woods of Middle-earth, but by the end of the Third Age he and the other Ents dwelled in Fangorn Forest, isolated from the outside world. Treebeard gave slow and careful consideration to matters of importance, and his motto was "Do not be hasty."  But once roused to action, Treebeard was quick and incredibly strong. 

@@Refrigeration
Not Used.

@@Sanitation
Not Used.

@@Seafaring
During the War of the Ring, Corsair Pirates landed in Southern Gondor. This was a tactic used by Mordor to prevent many of the local inhabitants from answering Minas Tirith's call for aid, as they had to defend their homes from the raiders.   

@@Stealth
Grimbeorn the Old and his people the Beornings held open the route between the Misty Mountains and Mirkwood at the time when evil began to dominate Southern Mirkwood. His father, Beorn aided the Dwarves and Elves in the Battle of Five Armies. It was because of this historical bond that the Beornings formed part of the defence of Northern Middle Earth (together with the Sylvian Elves, Dwarves of Erebor and the Men of Dale) when the Dark Armies swept North during the War of the Ring.

@@Tactics
While most of Saruman's magical power was destroyed when Gandalf broke his staff, he still retained the power of his Voice. It had a hypnotic quality that was very difficult to resist. Treebeard was convinced Saruman was no longer a threat to anyone and thus allowed him and his lackey Grima Wormtongue to leave in exchange for the key to the Tower of Orthanc. 

@@Theology
Gandalf was unique among the Wise for his interest in Hobbits. It was ironical that the fate of all who walked upon Middle Earth would depend on the actions of a few child-like Hobbits but such was the only option open to the Council of Elrond as no others could resist the corruption of the Ring save perhaps Tom Bombadil, but he did not care about events outside his area of the woods.

@@Warrior Code
The Battle of Five Armies was fought between the goblins and the Wargs against the Men of the Long Lake, the Elves of Mirkwood, and the Dwarves of the Lonely Mountain. The hobbit Bilbo Baggins, the wizard Gandalf the Grey, Beorn, and the great Eagles of the Misty Mountains also took part in this battle. It is construed as the new starting point of friendship and cooperation between the Elves and Dwarves who had become distant in the Third Age.  

@@Wheel
Gandalf said of the Ring at Rivendell, "If it is destroyed, then he will fall; and his fall will be so low that none can foresee his arising ever again. For he will lose the best part of the strength that was native to him in his beginning, and all that was made or begun with that power will crumble, and he will be maimed for ever, becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows, but cannot again grow or take shape. And so a great evil of this world will be removed." 

@@Writing
Middle Earth is the main continent of the planet created by Eru the One or Iluvatar as the Elves would call him. Tolkien himself remarked that Middle Earth was part of our own planet's pre-history. By inferrence, Middle Earth can be assumed to be the precursor to the Euro-Asia landmass, before the shifting of tectonic plates formed the continents as they are today. This advance is the source of all improvements common to all tribes inhabiting Middle Earth. 

@@Gunpowder
Not Used.

@@Horseback Riding
Trolls are very large humanoids of great strength and poor intellect. The first Dark Lord, Morgoth, created the first Trolls before the First Age. They were strong and vicious, but stupid creatures. The major weakness of at least some Trolls was that they turned to stone in sunlight. Nobody knows how he managed to breed them, though it is stated by Treebeard that Trolls were "made in mockery of" of the Ents, just as Orcs were of Elves. There were at least six varieties of Trolls; Olog-hai, Stone, Mountain, Hill, Cave and Snow.

@@Industrialization
The White Council is a group of Eldar Lords and Wizards, formed in 2463 to contest the growing power of Dol Guldur, at the request of Lady Galadriel. The Council's membership included the Wizards Saruman the White, Gandalf the Grey and Radagast the Brown, Galadriel of Lrien, Elrond of Rivendell and Crdan the Shipwright of the Grey Havens. Other possible members are said to be the Elf-lord Glorfindel, and Thranduil the King of Northern Mirkwood. The Council can be construed as the precusor to the resistance movement against Sauron at the end of the Third Age.

@@Invention
The Seven Rings were made by Celebrimbor and the Elves of Eregion circa 1500 of the Second Age. The Elves made the Rings under the instruction of Sauron, who had come to them in disguise as Anatar. Sauron then forged the One Ring to control the other Rings of Power. The Seven Rings were given as gifts to Dwarven Kings but they did not have the intended effect as the Dwarves did not fall under Sauron's control. Instead, the Dwarves who bore the Seven Rings became even more skilled at acquiring and preserving riches and they became the foundation of the wealth of each of the Dwarf-kings. But the Seven Rings also caused their bearers to become greedy and to value the acquisition of riches above all else. This obsession sometimes led the bearers of the Seven Rings to behave irrationally and caused infighting among the Dwarves. Sauron eventually retrived all of the Seven Rings.

@@Iron Working
An oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas or faithfulness, is a pledge of allegiance of one person to another. Typically the oath is made upon a religious object, thus binding the oath taker before a supernatural being. In Middle Earth as it was in feudal Europe and Japan, fealty was sworn between two people, the obliged person (vassal) and a person of rank (lord). This was done as part of a formal commendation ceremony to create a feudal relationship. Pippin swore such an oath to serve Lord Denethor.

@@Steel
When the Nazgul captured Minas Ithil (it was renamed Minas Morgul thereafter) the Witch King came into possession the Palantir that was located there. Thus when Aragorn obtained the Palantir of Orthanc he was able to show himself and the reforged sword of Elendil to Sauron through the Palantir. This pressured Sauron into attacking prematurely instead of continuing his search for Frodo and the One Ring.  

@@Superconductor
Not Used.

@@Theory of Gravity
The Chieftan of the Dunedain passed down from generation to generation the heirlooms of their forefathers, who were Kings of Arnor going back to Isildur. This included the Elendilmir, the Sceptre of Annminas and most importantly, the shards of Narsil which was the shattered remains of the sword which once cut the Ring off Sauron's hand.

@@Trade
Not Used.

@@The University
Not Used.

@@User Def Tech A
The Pelennor Fields were the townlands and fields of Minas Tirith. The name Pelennor means fenced land in Elvish and indeed the Pelennor Fields were surrounded by the great wall of Rammas Echor, to prevent an invasion. This wall was in ruins shortly before the War of the Ring, but was rebuilt in time on the orders of Denethor II before the attack of the Mordor Host. The Pelennor Fields were the location of the largest battle of the Third Age, the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.


@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the IMPROV.PDE text file in the original
;Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Palace will be the 16'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX
-1,			; Nothing
15,			; Palace
2,			; Barracks
8,			; Granary
22,			; Temple
12,			; MarketPlace
10,			; Library
6,			; Courthouse
4,			; City Walls
0,			; Aqueduct
1,			; Bank
3,			; Cathedral
23,			; University
13,			; Mass Transit
5,			; Colosseum
7,			; Factory
11,			; Manufacturing Plant
18,			; SDI Defense
17,			; Recycling Center
16,			; Power Plant
9,			; Hydro Plant
14,			; Nuclear Plant
34,			; Stock Exchange
32,			; Sewer System
35,			; Supermarket
36,			; Superhighways
30,			; Research Lab
31,			; SAM Missile Battery
26,			; Coastal Fortress
33,			; Solar Plant
37,			; Harbor
27,			; Offshore Platform
24,			; Airport
28,			; Police Station
29,			; Port Facility
21,			; SS Structural
19,			; SS Component
20,			; SS Module
25,			; (Capitalization)
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Aqueduct
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Bank
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Barracks
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Cathedral
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@City Walls
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Colosseum
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Courthouse
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Factory
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Granary
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Hydro Plant
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Library
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Manufacturing Plant
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Marketplace
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Mass Transit
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Nuclear Power Plant
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.
 
@@Palace
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Power Plant
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Recycling Center
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@SDI Defense
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Spaceship Component
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Spaceship Module
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Spaceship Structural
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore. 

@@Temple
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@University
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Airport
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Capitalization
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Coastal Fortress
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Offshore Platform
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Police Stations
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Port Facilities
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Research Lab
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@SAM Missile Battery
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Sewer System
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Solar Power Plant
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Stock Exchange
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Supermarket
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Superhighway
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@@Harbor
No Description Entries for City Improvements. Refer to the Description of the underlying Lore.

@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the WONDER.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry, but adjusted by NUM_IMPROVEMENTS.
; For example, Adam Smith's Trading Co. will be the 0'th (remember,
; the list is zero based)(INDEX - NUM_INPROVEMENTS) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@WONDER_INDEX
21,			; Pyramids
9,			; Hanging Gardens
2,			; Colossus
15,			; Lighthouse
7,			; Great Library
20,			; Oracle
8,			; Great Wall
25,			; Sun Tzu's War Academy
13,			; King Richard's Crusade
18,			; Marco Polo's Embassy
19,			; Michelangelo's Chapel
3,			; Copernicus' Observatory
16,			; Magellan's Expedition
23,			; Shakespeare's Theatre
14,			; Leonardo's Workshop
12,			; J. S. Bach's Cathedral
11,			; Isaac Newton's College
0,			; Adam Smith's Trading Co.
5,			; Darwin's Voyage
24,			; Statue of Liberty
6,			; Eiffel Tower
27,			; Women's Suffrage
10,			; Hoover Dam
17,			; Manhattan Project
26,			; United Nations
1,			; Apollo Program
22,			; SETI Program
4,			; Cure for Cancer
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Adam Smith's Trading Co.
Sauron's first body was lost with the destruction of Numenor but he was able to rebuild a new body though it was far from the pleasing appearance he once had as Annatar. Unfortunately for Sauron, when he was defeated by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, the second reforming of his bodily form was complicated by the infusion of much of his will and essence into the One Ring. He was forced to exist in a lesser form and only after millenia of recovery. However, if the One Ring was to be returned to Mordor, Sauron would have no problem walking the earth once again. 

@@Apollo Program
X

@@Colossus
The White Tower of Minas Tirith, also called the Tower of Ecthelion after its builder, was 300 feet tall. It stood in the center of the citadel on the seventh level of the city amongst seven other towers, behind the Court of the Fountain where the White Tree of Gondor was located. In the Tower Hall was the throne of the King of Gondor and it was from here the Steward of Gondor ruled in place of the King. The tower was also where the palantir at Minas Tirith, called the Anor-stone, was housed. 

@@Copernicus' Observatory
Meduseld was the Hall of the Kings of Rohan. Edoras was built on a hill and Meduseld was at the summit, standing apart from the other buildings on a high platform built upon a green terrace. The structure's thatched roof gleamed golden in the sunlight and could been seen from afar hence the name Golden Hall. Within, its walls were richly decorated with tapestries depicting the history and legends of the Rohirrim, and it served as a house for the King and his kin and a meeting hall for the King and his advisors. The Hall was built by Brego son of Eorl, the Second King of Rohan.

@@Cure for Cancer
Also known as Kingsfoil, Athelas was first brought to Middle Earth by Nmenreans, but by the end of the Third Age the knowledge of its healing properties was lost among all but the Rangers of the North. According to folklore in Gondor, it is especially powerful in the hands of the king, perhaps because of the Elvish heritage of the royal house. It was used by Aragorn to heal those touched by the Black Breath, an act that enhanced his reputation and strengthened his claim to the crown.

@@Darwin's Voyage
X

@@Eiffel Tower
X

@@Great Library
X

@@Great Wall
When Saruman escaped from Orthanc where he was kept a prisoner by the Ents, he decided to take his revenge upon the hobbits and installed himself as the cloistered overlord of the Shire under the alias of Sharkey. During his reign of terror, while the traditional Dunedein protectors had travelled East to aid in the defence of Minas Tirith, he burnt and uprooted much of the Shire and put much of the hobbit populace into prison or slavery.

@@Hanging Gardens
The Elendilmir was a white star-shaped gem on a mithril band worn on the brow of the King of the North-kingdom of Arnor as a token of royalty in place of a crown. After the fall of Arnor, it remained an heirloom of the Heirs of Isildur. The gem of the Eledilmir was a magical elf crystal, blazing forth red and wrathful as a burning star making orcs gave way to it in fear. The wearing of the Elendilmir in Gondor signified a claim on the empty throne and Aragorn did not put it on until the Battle of Pelennor Fields. 

@@Hoover Dam
When Saruman resolved to build an army, machines fueled by the wood of Fangorn Forest were littered across the circle of land behind the walls of Isengard. When that land ran out, Saruman began delving into the land, carving out huge caverns to house furnaces and forges for the manufacture of weapons and arms for his Uruk army. The caverns also housed dens for packs of wargs and were also a source of ore which were mined by goblin labour.

@@Isaac Newton's College
The Argonath, also known as or the Pillars of the Kings, are two enormous statues, carved in the likenesses of Isildur and Anrion, standing upon either side of the River Anduin at the northern approach to Gondor. They were the pinacle of Numenorian Stonework and served as a demonstration of Gondor's power and influence. Each of the two figures was shown wearing a crown and a helm, with an axe in its right hand and its left hand raised in a gesture of warning to the enemies of Gondor. For a time they served as an immigration post or sorts where visitors coming down the river were screened.

@@J.S. Bach's Cathedral
The White Tree was the symbol of the Kings of Gondor. It had long leaves that were dark green on top and silver underneath and it blossomed with white flowers. The emblem of the Kings was a black field bearing the White Tree symbolizing Gondor beneath Seven Stars and a Crown that were the tokens of the Heirs of Elendil. The White Tree grew from a sapling of the tree named Nimloth that Isildur brought from Numenor, which in turn was descended from a tree that had come from the Undying Lands. After the line of Kings ended, the White Tree withered and died and it was said that it would bloom once more only if a King should return.

@@King Richard's Crusade
The Serpent Cavalry was a large elite Haradrim cavalry formation led most likely by a Black Numenorian Chieftan, sometimes referred to as the Serpent Lord. His coat of arms was a black serpent upon a field of scarlet. It was this unit which stood its ground while the other Haradrim broke ranks during the initial charge of the Rohirrim at Pelennor Fileds.

@@Leonardo's Workshop
The Beacon Hills of Gondor was a system of signal fires used for communication between Gondor and Rohan. There were seven Beacon hills between Minas Tirith and Edoras, spanning a distance of about 150 miles. The Beacon-hills were: Amon Din, Eilenach, Nardol, Erelas, Min-Rimmon, Calenhad, and Halifirien. The system was established after Rohan was founded as a means of communication between the allied realms of Rohan and Gondor and when lit would signify that one of the parties required the military aid of the other.

@@Lighthouse
The southern port of Umbar was inhabited by pirates who were called Corsairs, so much so that Umbar itself was often referred to as the City of Corsairs. In fact, the Corsair were a mix of the Black Numenoreans left over from the destruction of Numenor, descendents of Castamir who went into exile during the Gondorian civil wars and the local Haradrim. 

@@Magellan's Expedition
Cirdan means 'ship-maker' in in the elf tongue of Sindarin and Cirdan the Shipwright was indeed a great mariner and shipwright. He was lord of the Falas during much of the First Age and played a role in the earlier wars against Sauron. Cirdan was perhaps the oldest of all the Elves remaining in Middle-earth, and one of the few prominent Eldar who returned from the Undying Lands. By the end of the Third Age, he was devoting most of his time to bulding the white ships which could carry the remaining Elves on Middle Earth to the Undying Lands. By then, he had given his great ring Narya to Gandalf and did not even bother to attend the Council of Elrond. 

@@Manhattan Project
X

@@Marco Polo's Embassy
The palantiri were seeing-stones that could be used the to see distant places or events and a palantir could also be used to communicate with another palantir over great distances. They were made in the Undying Lands in ancient times by Feanor, the great craftsman of the Elves who also made the Silmarils. Seven stones were brought to Middle-earth and they were used to help govern the far-flung realms of Gondor and Arnor. Over time many of the palantiri were lost. When Saruman was offered Isengard by Beren, the Steward of Gondor, he came into possession of the Orthanc-stone, one of the remaining palantiri.   

@@Michelangelo's Chapel
The Three Rings were made by the great Elf-craftsman Celebrimbor in Eregion around the year 1590 of the Second Age. Vilya, the Ring of Air was said to be the mightiest of the Three and it had a gold band set with a blue stone. The original bearer of the ring was the Elven High King Gil-galad but by the time of the War of the Ring, Vilya had passed to Lord Elrond who used it to preserve the refuge of Rivendell, keeping it safe from the servants of Sauron.

@@Oracle
The Undying Lands or Blessed Realm was origianlly the continent of Aman. All except the immortals who inhabited it, namely the Valar, Maiar and Elves, were banned from approaching it. With the failed Numenorian Invasion, Aman was moved to another dimension to prevent a repeat of the catastrophe. By the end of the Third Age, Elves began to tire of life on Middle Earth and left for the Undying Lands in magical white ships through the 'straight road', presumably an inter-dimensional gateway. Apparently, anyone who bore the One Ring was also allowed to embark on the journey.

@@Pyramids
3000 ago at the start of the Third Age, Isildur cut the One Ring from the hand of Sauron, destroying his physical form. Sauron's essence however persisted as it was bound to the Ring. When Isildur could not find the strength to destroy the Ring, he inadverntently set the stage for Sauron's return. While Sauron had yet to return physically in the Lord of the Rings triology, his presence is felt through his 'Eye' and it was always presumed that he would take form if his essence was reunited with the Ring.

@@SETI Program
During the darkest hour of the Isengard seige of Helm's Deep, the Deepening Wall had been breached and the Rohirrim defences were a hair's breadth from collapsing. At that moment, Lord Erkenbrand arrived with an army of reinforcement lancers just as King Thoden led his remaining forces in a desperate cavalry charge out of the Hornburg. This coincidental two-pronged attack broke the back of the Saruman's Uruk Army and swung the tide of battle in Rohan's favour. 

@@Shakespeare's Theatre
Thranduil was King of the Elves of Mirkwood and father of Legolas. To his credit. Thranduil was the only Elven King to resist the dark forces of Sauron without the benefit of one of the great Elven Rings. He travelled eastward from Lindon sometime during the first millenium of the Second Age and founded the Woodland Realm. Thus he was of Sindarin descent though his people were mainly Silvan Elves. By the middle of the Third Age, Sauron had returned to Dol Guldur in the south of Mirkwood and Thranduil and his people retreated to the northern part of the forest, building a new city in underground caverns guarded by great gates. 

@@Statue of Liberty
X

@@Sun Tzu's War Academy
Fuinur and  Herumor were renegade or Black Numenorean Lords who rose to great power among the Haradrim. Like the others of their kind, they practised sacrilegious 'black arts', which arose as a consequence of their worship of 'The Dark'. They supported Sauron late in the Second age and are admired as inspiring heroic figures by the peoples of the South.

@@United Nations
X

@@Women's Suffrage
The Three Rings were made by the great Elf-craftsman Celebrimbor in Eregion around the year 1590 of the Second Age. Nenya, the Ring of Water was one of the three and it was set with a white diamond and its band was made of mithril. It was used by its bearer, Lady Galadriel to defend the borders of Lothlorien as the Shadow of Sauron grew in the outside world and it was because of this ring that the attacking orcs and easterlings could not penetrate the protected borders of Caras Ghaladhon.

@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the UNITS.PDE and UNITS2.PDE text ;files in the original Civilopedia, strung together to make one contiguous section. (French and German ;versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@UNIT_INDEX
49,			; Settlers
21,			; Engineers
43,			; Warriors
46,			; Phalanx
2,			; Archers
33,			; Legion
47,			; Pikemen
36,			; Musketeers
23,			; Fanatics
45,			; Partisans
1,			; Alpine Troops
48,			; Riflemen
34,			; Marines
44,			; Paratroopers
35,			; Mech. Inf.
29,			; Horsemen
13,			; Chariot
20,			; Elephant
14,			; Crusaders
32,			; Knights
19,			; Dragoons
12,			; Cavalry
3,			; Armor
11,			; Catapult
7,			; Cannon
4,			; Artillery
30,			; Howitzer
24,			; Fighter
6,			; Bomber
28,			; Helicopter
39,			; Stlth Ftr.
38,			; Stlth Bmbr.
42,			; Trireme
9,			; Caravel
27,			; Galleon
26,			; Frigate
31,			; Ironclad
17,			; Destroyer
16,			; Cruiser
0,			; AEGIS Cruiser
5,			; Battleship
40,			; Submarine
10,			; Carrier
41,			; Transport
15,			; Cruise Msl.
37,			; Nuclear Msl.
18,			; Diplomat
50,			; Spy
8,			; Caravan
25,			; Freight
22,			; Explorer
-1,			; Extra Land
-1,			; Extra Ship
-1,			; Extra Air
-1,			; Test Unit 1
-1,			; Test Unit 2
-1,			; Test Unit 3
-1,			; Test Unit 4
-1,			; Test Unit 5
-1,			; Test Unit 6
-1,			; Test Unit 7
-1,			; Test Unit 8
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@AEGIS Cruiser
Cruisers have long served in the role of escort and defensive vessels, screening carrier task forces and amphibious assaults from enemy ships and aircraft. In recent years, the abilities of the cruiser have been upgraded significantly. In addition to their traditional five-inch guns, cruisers also carry batteries of Harpoon and Tomahawk missiles. The latest development in cruiser armament is the AEGIS surface-to-air missile system, which allows cruisers to target and fire their missiles more accurately and more effectively than ever before. The cruisers of today are highly capable of intercepting and destroying enemy submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and missiles.

@@Alpine Troops
In the colder regions of the world, where winter months tend to leave the ground snow covered, skiing often became one of the most reliable means of transportation. In the alpine countries of Europe, it became commonplace to train special groups of soldiers to take advantage of the snow covered, mountainous terrain by traveling on skis. This proved to be a huge advantage, especially if the enemy forces were not likewise equipped. In November 1939, for example during the Russo-Finnish War, the  Finns managed to cut off the supply and communications lines of the vastly superior Russian army through the use of their extremely mobile ski troops, and the Finns continued to hold an advantage throughout the winter months. Alpine troops continue to be trained and utilized in military forces of the present day.

@@Archers
The bow and arrow, invented in prehistoric times, greatly improved the hunting skills of early man, allowing him to kill his targets from a distance. The bow was eventually adapted for use in battle, and was first used by Egyptian, Persian, and Assyrian armies as early as 5000 BC. The range provided by the bow allowed small forces of archers to rout armies of superior number who were armed with hand-to-hand weapons. Archers were often used to soften enemy resistance prior to sending in mounted and skirmishing forces. Refinements in design and construction allowed the bow to remain an effective weapon until it was finally replaced by firearms in the 1500's.

@@Armor
The rise in the use of semi-automatic and automatic firearms in the late 19th and early 20th century led to the demise of horse-mounted cavalry. Attackers lost a significant advantage in both scouting and deployment as a result of the cavalry's vulnerability. It was only with the development of tanks, armored mobile attack vehicles equipped with high caliber guns, that a weapon was found which could once more be used to punch a hole through enemy field forces. First appearing in World War I, armored attack vehicles moved quickly and struck with power, while still possessing an effective defensive strength. Tanks are a powerful weapon against any ground unit.

@@Artillery
Artillery is a general term covering several varieties of large caliber weapons including mortars and field guns. Mortars fire an explosive projectile in a high arc, and are particularly effective against small, concealed targets. Field guns, long-range weapons that fire their projectiles in a flat arc, are used primarily for their ability to penetrate hard targets. Powerful enough to batter opposing forces even behind the strongest fortifications, artillery is also able to move quickly from one firing position to another. This is an important capability when fighting a moving battle or when avoiding enemy fire.

@@Battleship
The battleship was once the most powerful vessel on the seas. Heavily armored and difficult to destroy, its massive guns could accurately fire heavy projectiles at targets miles away. The battleship had two primary functions: clearing the seas of enemy ships and bombarding enemy coastal targets, usually in preparation for an invasion. The battleship's importance began to decline in World War II when the increasing use of fighters and bombers launched from aircraft carriers greatly extended the range of naval conflicts. Ship-to-ship combat became less frequent than long-range air attacks against enemy battle groups. The last of the U.S. Navy's battleships was decommissioned shortly after the Vietnam War, but the four battleships of the Iowa class were remodeled and recommissioned in the 1980's.

@@Bomber
The bombing of strategic targets from the air dates back to the beginning of World War I, when the Germans used zeppelins to bomb Paris and London. Because zeppelins proved to be extremely vulnerable, they were withdrawn from war in favor of airplanes. By the end of World War I, planes were being designed specifically as bombers. The bomber's job is to carry bombs into enemy territory, normally beyond the range of artillery, and destroy targets of military and economic value. Bombers were often designed for specific missions, such as attacking ships, bombing vehicles and railroads, daylight precision bombing, and carpet bombing.

@@Cannon
Closely following the invention of gunpowder, the development of the cannon caused a revolution in siege warfare. Invented by a German monk in the 14th century, early cannons used gunpowder charges to fire rocks or metal balls. The cannon forced a redesign of most fortifications because the straight, high walls surrounding most cities could be easily destroyed by direct fire. This was the fate of the walls of Constantinople, which had held against countless sieges for over a thousand years. The cannon quickly assumed an important role on the battlefield.

@@Caravan
Trade has been a major source of income to civilizations throughout history. Journeying to distant lands, caravans exchanged their loads of goods for money or other items of value. In addition, the traders who accompanied the caravans often brought back new knowledge about the advances made by the civilizations with whom they did business. Marco Polo, for example, went with traders to China. He remained there for many years, and brought back much valuable information to the West.

@@Caravel
The caravel was a small sailing ship with three or four masts, a broad bow, and a high, narrow stern.. Though often used as a warship, the caravel could also carry just over 100 metric tons of cargo. Caravels were commonly used by the Spanish and the Portuguese for both commerce and exploration. Christopher Columbus' three ships, the "Nina", "Pinta", and "Santa Maria", were all caravels.

@@Carrier
The aircraft carrier first came into widespread use during World War II. Carriers act as floating airfields, carrying fighters and bombers far from friendly territory to be launched against enemy targets. This allows an air strike against targets on both land and sea that would otherwise be far out of range. Carriers also have the capability to launch nuclear weapons. The range of the aircraft launched from carriers forever changed the methodology of naval battles. Opposing fleets could now engage in battle without either fleet ever entering the other's visual range, ending the dominance of the battleship as the strongest vessel on the sea.

@@Catapult
The catapult was one of the earliest forms of artillery. It was a large mechanical arm that propelled heavy stones and other missiles from a great distance, battering down walls and inflicting damage on buildings and defenders. Though cumbersome and nearly useless on the battlefield, the catapult was an effective weapon for attacking cities and fortified enemies.

@@Cavalry
Cavalry are mounted soldiers trained to fight on horseback. Because of their speed, cavalry units were often used for reconnaissance missions and hit-and-run raids on enemy installations and troops. Although warriors fighting from horseback with a variety of weapons dates back to ancient Egypt, horse-mounted cavalry as we generally think of it today actually began in the late 1700's. Under Napoleon, the cavalry became an elite force, frequently deployed simultaneously with foot soldiers, to mask the movements of the main battle force. Cavalry were used extensively in the American Civil War, and in other conflicts throughout the mid to late 19th century. When the repeating rifle replaced earlier single-shot firearms, horse-mounted troops became easy targets for infantrymen. The South African War, from 1899 to 1902, was the last major conflict where cavalry played a major role. Today, the roles once performed by horse-mounted cavalry have been assumed by troops utilizing armored assault vehicles and aircraft.

@@Chariot
The chariot was the first true fighting vehicle. It was used by ancient armies to transport archers and other troops to the battlefield, where they would disembark and fight. The chariot was turned into a fearsome offensive weapon by the Assyrians, whose archers and spearmen fought from inside the chariot itself. Few enemies were able to withstand an onslaught of Assyrian chariots. This devastating form of attack was soon adopted by many of the Assyrian's enemies, who used the chariot against them with good effect.

@@Crusaders
Between 1095 and 1270, European Christians waged a series of wars known as the Crusades. These holy wars, sanctioned by the Pope, were fought to free the Christian Holy Lands from Muslim control. The crusaders themselves were a mixed lot, with many different backgrounds and reasons for fighting. However, most of them joined the ranks out of religious fervor, and a feeling that their personal salvation was guaranteed when fighting for such a holy cause. Despite the fact that the crusaders fought with all the strength of their religious conviction, the Crusades accomplished very little in a military sense; however, the European economy and desire for exploration was greatly increased.

@@Cruise Missile
One of the most effective weapons in modern military arsenals is the cruise missile. Cruise missiles such as the AGM-86 and the Tomahawk can be launched against a strategic target hundreds of miles away, traveling low to avoid radar and other means of detection, and hitting its target with unnerving accuracy.  They can also be used against short-range, tactical targets such as ships. In this role, it is often possible for a single, $1 million missile to seriously damage or even destroy $80 million warships. These versatile weapons can be launched from air, sea, or land with equal effectiveness.

@@Cruiser
The cruiser is the modern equivalent of the frigate. Although much more powerful than its sailing forebearer, it is designed for the same type of mission: to act as a sea raider and escort. Cruisers can conduct shore bombardments, though their firepower cannot match the destructive force of the battleship. The cruiser's defensive capabilities are also inferior to those of the battleship. These shortcomings are balanced by the cruiser's lower cost and higher speed. Cruisers serve an important role in scouting missions, convoy escorts, and the attack of transport vessels.

@@Destroyer
Destroyers are small escort ships that serve a variety of useful functions. These light, fast vessels were used extensively in World War II to provide air and sea cover for carrier groups. One of the primary functions of the destroyer is to locate and destroy enemy submarines. Using their sonar equipment to locate the subs, and their batteries of depth charges and torpedoes to destroy them, the destroyer forces of World War II were the key to the success of many crucial naval operations. Modern destroyers are still used in much the same role, as escorts for larger vessels and as submarine hunters. In addition to five-inch guns, the arsenal of today's destroyer includes antisubmarine helicopters, anti-ship cruise missiles, and the Phalanx system for defense against anti-ship missiles.

@@Diplomat
Diplomats serve their homeland in a variety of ways. Their primary function is to maintain contact with other civilizations, and report on any developments of interest. Diplomats are also capable of engaging in less reputable activities, including sabotage of enemy production; the theft of civilization advances; and the subversion of enemy troops and cities. Although they have no combat value, diplomats are nevertheless potent weapons if utilized properly.

@@Dragoons
Dragoons were mounted soldiers armed with short muskets who fought, both on horseback and on foot, during the time of the American Revolution. The name comes from the French word for "dragon", and refers to the "fire breathing weapons" used by these troops. British general John Burgoyne utilized a force of Hessian dragoons to attack an American supply base in the Battle of Bennington in 1777. Despite their large numbers, the dragoon mercenaries were severely routed by several detachments from the New Hampshire militia.

@@Elephant
The elephant is the largest living land mammal, reaching a size of 10 to 13 feet in height depending on the species. Descended from the ancient mammoths and mastodons, elephants can be trained to serve humans in many fields of endeavor. One such use of elephants in ancient times was as beasts of war. Elephants were used in battle against Alexander the Great in 326 BC, and they were used both as pack animals and in battle by Hannibal of Carthage in his famous alpine crossing in 218 BC. Although generally impractical as mounts due to their slow speed, the mere mental impact of seeing such massive beasts included in the advancing enemy ranks could provide an attacker with the element of surprise.

@@Engineers
As technology progressed through the centuries, people began to specialize in a single skill or field of knowledge. The early pioneers who acted in the multiple roles of farmers, builders, and just about any other occupation required by their situation, were replaced by engineers specifically trained in a single discipline. Specialized training provided engineers the time and the skill necessary to accomplish feats of construction and environmental manipulation never before experienced in history.

@@Explorer
Since the dawn of history, there has been a need for humans to investigate their surroundings and expand their knowledge of the world around them. Even the earliest civilizations sent people in search of wealth and resources in distant lands. With the advent of extensive sea travel, explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci mapped and charted territories far from their homelands. These early explorers opened the New World to trade and colonization.

@@Fanatics
Certain circumstances, such as strong religious beliefs or a totalitarian system of government, can "inspire" citizens or factions to nationalism that approaches maniacal fervor. Fanatical groups can often succeed in seemingly hopeless situations, fighting and defeating superior enemy forces. Often, fanatics pursue military and terrorist activity for years, even decades, before they can be caught or stopped. Their strength for both attack and defense comes from their willingness to fight for the ideals they believe in, and, if necessary, sacrifice their lives in the name of their cause.

@@Fighter
The earliest military aircraft were used primarily in a reconnaissance role. In 1915, during World War I, aircraft designer Anthony Fokker developed a gear system that allowed a plane-mounted machine gun to fire through the propeller, giving birth to the first fighter aircraft. The fighter's mission was to shoot down enemy reconnaissance and fighter planes. Later, as the use of bombers became more widespread, fighters were called upon to act as interceptors against enemy bombing runs and escorts for friendly bombers. The best way to ensure the safe passage of friendly bombers to their selected targets is the destruction of enemy fighters.

@@Freight
Freight units are the modern day equivalent of the trade caravans in the ancient world. Whereas in early history raw materials, trade goods, food, and manufactured items were transported by camel or wagon, modern shipments are transported by a variety of methods including trucks and railroads. The speed and convenience of modern transportation methods allows civilizations to set up supply routes and move large quantities of merchandise and trade goods farther and faster than ever.

@@Frigate
The frigate was a fast and powerful sailing warship that evolved to fill several important naval roles, primarily to raid enemy shipping. These three masted ships were lighter and faster than the European great ship or man-of-war, and usually carried 36 or fewer guns. The frigate was powerful enough to overcome most of its prospective opponents and fast enough to escape those it could not outgun. Because of their speed and strength, frigates were often employed as escorts for merchant vessels during times of war. The frigate remained the most useful and dominant naval vessel until the development of the ironclad.

@@Galleon
By the late 15th century, oar-powered vessels had all but disappeared from the world's oceans, to be replaced by sailing vessels of various types. The galleon was one such vessel. Galleons were three- or four-masted ships, built high in both the forecastle and the stern. Developed in the 15th and 16th century, these versatile ships were mainly used as cargo vessels, although they were sometimes outfitted as light warships as well. Ships of this type served European nations well into the 1700s.

@@Helicopter
The concept that was to become the modern helicopter was first explored by artist/engineer Leonardo da Vinci. He made sketches of a rotor-driven aircraft in the early 16th century. It was not until 1939, however, that the first practical helicopter design was developed. Helicopters have a distinct advantage over fixed-wing aircraft in that they can take off and land vertically. This makes it possible for helicopters to operate in many places that would be too small to accommodate a runway. Today, helicopters are used in civilian roles as rescue vehicles and by law enforcement agencies. All branches of the military utilize many different types of helicopters, from giant cargo and troop carriers to fast and maneuverable gunships used as air support for ground troop operations.

@@Horsemen
The necessity for speed and mobility in times of war was recognized even in ancient times. The infantrymen of some ancient armies would ride horses to get from one engagement to another, dismounting to fight when they reached the battlefield. Because of their speed, horsemen could also be used as scouts to pinpoint enemy positions. In the second century BC, the Chinese invention of the stirrup allowed this concept of mobility to go one step further. Stirrups provided the stability and leverage  necessary to allow soldiers to fight from horseback, leading to the earliest examples of cavalry units. Continuous developments in arms and armor eventually led to knights, dragoons, and finally the advanced cavalry of the 18th and 19th century.

@@Howitzer
The howitzer is a specialized piece of artillery. As originally designed, the howitzer was a cross between the short-ranged mortar and the long-ranged field gun. When fired in a high arc, the howitzer shell was able to achieve the mortar's effectiveness against small, concealed targets. When fired in a flat trajectory, the shell had more range than the mortar and the penetration power of the field gun. Howitzers were easier to transport than other types of heavy artillery due to their smaller size, and could be mounted on wheels and towed by a truck. Modern light howitzers fire a variety of specialized ammunition, and their accuracy now makes them more efficient and lethal than older heavy howitzers and field guns.

@@Ironclad
Ironclads were the forerunners of future generations of armored naval vessels. Instead of the simple wooden hulls found on the other ships at the time, ironclads were covered with strong metal plating. This plating made them nearly impervious to large-caliber explosive shells that would easily penetrate and destroy wooden vessels. Ironclads made their first appearance during the American Civil War, and quickly gained dominance over other ships of that era. Perhaps the most famous naval battle of the Civil War was the battle between the Confederate ironclad "Merrimack", and the Union ironclad "Monitor", which lasted for several hours before the "Merrimack" was forced to withdraw.

@@Knights
Knights were heavily armored, mounted men-at-arms in medieval Europe. Like the samurai of ancient Japan, knights followed a strict code that covered their behavior both in battle and in their personal pursuits. Fighting astride powerful horses, armored knights had a distinct advantage over enemies on foot and remained the dominant force on the battlefield when battles were primarily fought hand-to-hand. Occasionally, brilliant tactics allowed knights to be outmaneuvered, but it wasn't until the development of gunpowder that knights were rendered obsolete.

@@Legion
The Roman Legions, created during the early wars of the Republic and tested during the three Punic Wars against Carthage, were the fighting force that conquered and held the Roman Empire for five centuries. Each legion was composed of 6000 men, divided into 60 smaller groups known as centuries. Nearly unstoppable on the attack, the legion was relatively weak on defense. The legion's demise as a military unit was accelerated by the destruction of Emperor Valens' army by gothic knights in the 4th Century.

@@Marines
The Marines are a branch of the military service that operates separately, but is under the ultimate control of the secretary of the navy. The Marine Corps is a combined branch of the military; their training prepares them to carry out integrated land, sea, and air operations. The first marines were commissioned during the American Revolution, only to be inactivated after the war. The Marine Corps was then permanently reestablished by Congress in July, 1798. Legendary for their toughness, rigid codes of behavior, and adaptability, they have played an important role in almost every major war and conflict of the 19th and 20th centuries.

@@Mechanized Infantry
The introduction of armored tanks meant that armies could quickly break through enemy defensive positions and move aggressively forward on the battlefield. Such a quick advance, however, left the ground won in the advance largely undefended. Mechanized infantry, which was first used during World War II, was designed to be able to move in quickly and defend the area behind the tanks. Infantry were mounted in armored vehicles, such as half-tracks and Armored Personnel Carriers (APCs), to carry them quickly and safely along with the rapidly advancing armored divisions.

@@Musketeers
One of the most important developments in the history of warfare was the invention of firearms. Originally developed in the 14th century, firearms evolved quickly, and by the late 17th century flintlock muskets had become commonplace in battle. Musketeers, who were relatively inexpensive to equip and train, proved a deadly foe for the knights who had dominated the battlefield for so many years. Armies were often comprised of a combination of musketeers, cannon, and knights, each complementing the strengths and weaknesses of one another. Large forces of musketeers within a fortress or behind city walls proved an exceedingly difficult obstacle to an attacking army. Muskets were the primary firearm in use until they were replaced by repeating rifles in the mid-19th century.

@@Nuclear Missile
The deployment of atomic bombs at Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II changed the world's standards for measuring military power. Nuclear weapons can eradicate ground forces and armored divisions, and flatten cities with their awesome explosive power. In the years following World War II, arsenals of nuclear weapons were built up rapidly by opposing nations, each fearing the capabilities of the other. This massive arms build up has acted as a deterrent to full-scale war, since all the governments involved are aware of the consequences should such a war take place. The threat imposed by the huge nuclear arsenals of the world powers may one day be eradicated by the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative, or SDI, a system designed to destroy enemy missiles in flight before they can reach their targets.

@@Stealth Bomber
Concurrent with the development of a stealth fighter, aeronautical engineers began to apply stealth technology to a full-scale bomber. The B-1B bomber, which went into service in 1986 as a replacement for the B-52, incorporated some of these innovations. The radar signature of the B-1B was reduced to a mere 1 percent that of the B-52 due to its low cross-section and its minimal use of radar-reflective, hard-edged surfaces. Soon after the B-1B entered service, the U.S. Air Force commissioned Northrop to develop a true stealth bomber as an eventual replacement. First revealed to the public in 1988, the B-2 stealth bomber uses a flying wing design similar in shape to the F-117A stealth fighter. The flying wing design reduces the profile of the B-2 by incorporating its engines into the body of the plane. The engine exhausts and intakes are shielded to prevent infrared tracking. The B-2 also makes use of curved surfaces and radar-absorbing materials to enhance its "invisibility", and make it far less detectable than the B-1B. As of the late 1980s, it was announced that 132 B-2's would be constructed, and would enter service sometime in the 1990s.

@@Stealth Fighter
Starting in the Second World War, radar technology came into widespread use both for detection and targeting of aircraft. Because of this, aeronautical engineers began searching for ways to make aircraft less "visible" to electronic tracking and weapon systems. The earliest stealth technologies consisted of coating aircraft with materials that would absorb rather than deflect a radar signal. In the late 1970s, designs incorporating this technology, as well as a unique fuselage shape designed to deflect radar away from its source, were prototyped. The first true stealth fighter, the Lockheed F-117A, flew for the first time on June 18, 1981. This fighter, incorporating the latest anti-radar and anti-thermal innovations, is capable of entering enemy territory, delivering its payload, and returning to base with little chance of detection. These unique, black aircraft served well in the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and have served as the basis for further development of stealth aircraft technology.

@@Submarine
A submarine is a submersible warship, designed to attack enemy vessels while remaining hidden underwater. Although defensively weak, submarines are feared because of their ability to make a stealthy approach and attack without warning. Often, the presence of a submarine is not detected until the first of the sub's torpedoes strikes its target. Submarine warfare was first used extensively by the Germans during World War I. Developments after the war, such as sonar, made the submarine even more effective. During World War II, submarines were used extensively by all the world's naval powers. Today's submarines, in addition to their role as fast attack vessels, also carry nuclear weapons that can be fired from underwater positions just off the coast of an enemy country.

@@Transport
The troop transport ship, which in peacetime serves as a cargo or passenger vessel, is the principle means used by modern powers to move large quantities of military equipment and personnel over long distances. Because transports lack offensive weaponry, they require armed vessels as escorts during times of war. A properly escorted transport can move large military forces to a new area quickly to act as reinforcements or as an attacking force.

@@Trireme
The trireme was the first ship designed for war. Introduced by the Greeks, triremes were powered by three banks of oars on each side, manned by well-trained oarsmen. These oarsmen were highly paid professionals or patriotic citizens, not slaves and prisoners as depicted in fiction. A huge, bronze "beak" mounted at the bow of the ship was used to ram and sink enemy ships. Because of its long, narrow hull, the trireme was very unstable in all but the calmest waters, and as a consequence its crew rarely ventured out of sight of land for long periods of time, lest the ship be caught in a storm and sunk.

@@Warriors
The earliest military forces were simply the citizens of the city, armed with whatever implements they could use as weapons. Although a militia made up of warriors was inexpensive, they were no match for organized armies. Warriors were usually used as a stopgap measure while waiting for superior units to be trained, or to defend a city that has been temporarily cut off from military support. In a crisis situation, an assembly of warriors is a better choice than no defense at all.

@@Paratroopers
Although the idea of the parachute was suggested in the 16th century drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, the first parachute was not invented until the late 1700's. For years, parachutes were standard emergency equipment for balloonists. Claire Chennault, an American pioneer of aviation pursuit tactics during World War I, was the first to suggest using parachutes to drop troops behind enemy lines. This idea was widely used. Paratroopers were flown behind enemy lines in transport planes and dropped from low altitude, allowing them to attack the enemy from behind. Today, paratroopers are usually highly-trained special forces personnel, trained to covertly infiltrate enemy territory.

@@Partisans
Partisans are militant groups who pledge their support to a leader or a system of government. Partisans differ from fanatics in their methods. Whereas fanatics are usually radicals prone to use terrorist tactics, partisans are usually trained soldiers who practice the more organized tactics of guerrilla warfare. Partisan groups have existed at various times throughout history. Partisans were particularly active in the Nazi occupied countries of Europe during World War II, where their acts of sabotage against their conquerors often kept German troops busy quelling partisan uprisings while they should have been fighting on the front lines. Because of their unflagging dedication to their cause, partisans make formidable opponents.

@@Phalanx
The phalanx was a military formation developed in Greece, and perfected in Macedonia. It consisted of a large group of soldiers in ranks and files, usually from 8 to 32 men deep, armed with spears, swords, and large shields. The first five ranks of men pointed their weapons forward, forming a bristling barrier of spearpoints, while the others kept their spears upright to deflect incoming missiles. An enemy had difficulty approaching this formation. The attacking army was faced with a densely packed body of  warriors, who were often advancing on the run. This usually caused the attackers to give ground rather than risk being impaled. Unfortunately, the phalanx lacked maneuverability, and became less prevalent when enemy forces became more professional and learned to outflank the formation.

@@Pikemen
The growing deployment of knights on the battlefield demanded that foot soldiers develop new means of fighting that would lessen their vulnerability against mounted opponents. One of the best ways to do this was to lengthen the reach of the infantrymen by arming them with long, sturdy spears known as pikes. Massed infantry armed with pikes, in conjunction with archers, managed to even the battlefield odds. Armies equipped in this manner managed to hold their own until the invention of gunpowder made knights a thing of the past.

@@Riflemen
Two developments in the 19th century made early firearms such as the musket obsolete. The first was the use of a spiral groove, or "rifling", inside the barrel of a gun. Second, was the development of the repeating rifle, which could fire multiple shots before it required reloading. The rifle was a better weapon than its ancestors, with much more accuracy over a greater range than the musket. Riflemen were first employed in large numbers during the American Civil War. The rifle gave a strong defensive advantage, since riflemen could fire several times while the attackers advanced. This was normally enough to hold any position. Riflemen held the advantage on the battlefield until the appearance of armored attack vehicles.

@@Settlers
When cities grew to a size where the resources were insufficient to adequately insure a decent standard of living for the populace, adventurous groups of citizens set out on their own in search of a place to build a new city. Once a suitable site was found, the settlers would build their new homes, and develop the land surrounding the city. Eventually, the whole process repeated, and the new city would send out settlers of its own. This process allowed civilizations to grow throughout history, from the empires of the ancient world to the discovery and settlement of the New World.

@@Spy
One of the most effective ways to compile information about an enemy (or potential enemy) is by infiltrating the enemy's ranks. This is the job of the spy. Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of an enemy army. They can also find dissidents within the enemy's forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology and to sabotage the enemy in various ways. Counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every society has very strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often death. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally felt to outweigh the risks.

@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the TERRAIN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Settlers will be the 50'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@TERRAIN_INDEX
0,			; Desert
8,			; Plains
3,			; Grassland
1,			; Forest
4,			; Hills
6,			; Mountains
11,			; Tundra
2,			; Glacier
10,			; Swamp
5,			; Jungle
7,			; Ocean
24,			; Oasis
12,			; Buffalo
3,			; Grassland
18,			; Pheasant
13,			; Coal
21,			; Gold
18,			; Game
23,			; Ivory
26,			; Peat
20,			; Gems
14,			; Fish
25,			; Desert Oil
30,			; Wheat
3,			; Grassland
27,			; Silk
31,			; Wine
22,			; Iron
16,			; Furs
25,			; Glacier Oil
28,			; Spice
15,			; Fruit
29,			; Whales
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@Desert
Deserts are arid stretches of land characterized by an annual rainfall of less than ten inches. Adding to the dry environment is the fact that, because the desert atmosphere has such low humidity, evaporation of moisture from the ground exceeds precipitation. Many deserts are characterized by extremely high daytime temperatures and equally low night time temperatures. Only the hardiest plants and animals can survive in the harsh desert environment. Despite the perception that deserts are composed of useless sand, most desert soil is naturally fertile because little water moves through the desert to carry away nutrients. Through the use of artificial irrigation, humans have managed to grow crops in desert environments. If this is not done carefully, it can lead to irreversible environmental damage when the meager water supply that is tapped for the irrigation process is depleted.

@@Forest
Extensive areas of land covered by a thick growth of trees and related ground vegetation are classified as forests. There are several different types of forest, determined primarily by climate and the type of vegetation they contain. Forests of some type exist on nearly every continent in the world. Forests are a valuable source of natural resources, providing wood for paper products, building, and other purposes. The harvesting of trees must be done carefully, however. If not done in moderation, lumbering can destroy the natural habitat for indigenous animal species, and destroy the ecology of the land. Government regulations limiting the amount of trees that can be cut, and requiring the lumber industry to plant new trees to replace what they have harvested, help to prevent major ecological damage as a result of deforestation.

@@Glacier
Glaciers are large masses of ice and snow found in mountain regions, and near the north and south poles of the planet, where the rate at which snow and ice melt is less than the rate of snowfall. There are several varieties of glaciers: alpine and piedmont glaciers, which are formed in the valleys of high mountain regions; and ice cap and continental glaciers that may cover large portions of a continent. All glaciers are similar in composition, consisting of upper layers of softer snow and ice crystals, and lower layers of highly compressed, solid ice. Although some glaciers are stationary, some may move anywhere from a few feet to more than 100 feet each day, carving and reshaping the land as they go. Glacial regions are inhospitable, containing little animal life, no plant life, and virtually no resources of any kind.

@@Grassland
The areas of land between desert regions and forests in temperate and tropical climates usually consist of grasslands. These fertile regions, covered with various types of vegetation, once occupied large areas of North and South America, Africa, and Eurasia. These areas are characterized by marked wet and dry seasons, with annual periods of drought. Although many grasslands are naturally occurring, grasslands can also be created through deforestation of woodland areas. Grasslands are often cultivated and used as pastures and grazing lands. Because of the relatively low rainfall in these regions, the topsoil is high in nutrients. Grasslands are, therefore, well suited for growing crops, especially grain crops.

@@Hills
Rolling areas of the countryside, often found between plains and more mountainous regions are known as hills, or foothills. These areas, often covered with rich soil and grasses or heavily forested, are rich in resources. Coal, iron, lead, copper, and even gold and silver may be found in these regions, making them profitable areas for the mining industry. In areas where the below-ground resources are scarce, hill areas are often cultivated for agricultural purposes. Certain crops such as coffee and grapes thrive in these regions, given the proper climate.

@@Jungle
In heavily forested areas where rainfall is high, the growth of both trees and other indigenous plants is profuse. The dense, tangled environment of the jungle is home to wide varieties of plant and animal life. Although mineral deposits and fruit-bearing plants can sometimes be found in these regions, jungles tend to lack both mineral and food resources. This, combined with the sheer density of the native plant life, makes jungles inhospitable to humans. In order to make these areas more useful, jungles are often destroyed through forestation and burning to yield areas of grassland. While this improves the usefulness of the land for humans, it destroys the habitat of the indigenous animals of the region. It is estimated that hundreds of undiscovered species of insect and animal life are made extinct every day as a result of the destruction of jungles and rain forests.

@@Mountains
Mountains are areas of high elevation, usually consisting of a chain of rugged peaks and valleys. Most mountains are formed when the plates making up the Earth's crust impact or slide against one another, raising layers of rock above the surrounding land. Mountains can also be formed by volcanic action, or through the effects of erosion. Although generally poor agricultural regions, mountains are often a source of great mineral wealth, with large deposits of gold and other valuable ores. Aside from their economic value, mountains provide a natural defensive barrier, shielding human settlements from invaders. Extensive mountain ranges can also greatly affect the weather patterns of a region by blocking and diverting wind and storms.

@@Ocean
The oceans and seas of the world cover almost three-quarters of our planet. They are home to millions of life forms ranging from microscopic plankton to whales, the largest mammals in the world. The animals and plants that inhabit the sea provide an excellent source of food. For centuries, coastal and island cultures have thrived on the resources and easy access to trade provided by the sea. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, a combination of over-harvesting of marine animals and increased pollution have begun to threaten fragile coastal ecologies. Some species of marine life are seriously threatened. For example, the whaling industry, which thrived in the 19th and early 20th century, is responsible for hunting certain species of whales to near-extinction. Government regulations concerning the dumping of pollutants and the indiscriminate harvesting of marine life are constantly being updated in response to these growing problems.

@@Plains
Plains are vast, open tracts of land, usually with very few trees and covered with vegetation such as sage brush and various grasses. Plains are similar to grasslands, except that the topsoil is often not as well suited for growing food. Often, rich deposits of minerals are also found in plains regions. The indigenous plants of the plains makes them well suited for grazing. Large herds of buffalo and other animals can often be found roaming the area. With the proper irrigation, plains can be easily cultivated into adequate farmland for the production of grains and the raising of livestock.

@@River
Fed by natural springs, snow melt, and small tributary streams, rivers flow from mountains and other upland sources into larger rivers, lakes, and oceans. Rivers can be found in almost any terrain, from lush jungles and forests to arid desert regions. Since the dawn of civilization, towns and cities have grown up around rivers because the land in river valleys is usually very fertile, and well-suited for farming. In addition, the river provided easy and quick access between towns by boat for trade and travel. Water could be channeled from rivers via aqueducts to cities some distance from the river for the purposes of irrigation. Rivers are also good sources of mineral resources, and can provide power to run machinery and generate electricity.

@@Swamp
Swamps are wetlands which are largely uninhabitable by humans. These areas are usually flooded with water, ranging in depth from a few inches to several feet, due to heavy rainfall and overflow from nearby lakes and rivers. Although inhospitable for human life, swamps are teeming with both animal and plant life. Certain spices and useful substances such as peat, which is used as a fertilizer, can be found in abundance in certain swamp areas. Swampland is often drained, and converted into grassland and plains in order to make it more useful for resource and food production. However, environmental groups have been successful in slowing the destruction of wetlands, and setting up sanctuaries for the wildlife that inhabits these regions.

@@Tundra
In the far-northern regions of the world, and in isolated regions in the Antarctic, there are thousands of miles of barren plains known as tundra. These regions have an extremely low average temperature, and a very short summer season. The primary characteristic of the tundra is a layer of permanently frozen soil known as permafrost just below the topsoil layer, which prevents many plants from taking root and making agriculture all but impossible. Like deserts, the tundra receives little precipitation; however, the flat, frozen ground keeps groundwater from draining, forming bogs where various grasses, moss, and other simple vegetation can grow. Despite the harsh environment, a wide variety of animal life flourishes in the tundra, providing possible sources of food, and providing trade potential for the fur and trapping industry.

;Special Resources

@@Buffalo
The plains areas of the world are inhabited by roaming herds of many different varieties of animals. These herd animals have been hunted, both for sport and for food and pelts, throughout history. Some of these animals can even be domesticated and used for farming and other purposes. One of the most widespread herd animals is the buffalo, various species of which are found throughout the world. Bison, commonly referred to as buffalo, were once the most dominant species of the North American plains. Bison were a valuable resource to native American tribes, who hunted the animals as a source of food and pelts. When European settlers began to expand to the west, the bison was hunted to the brink of extinction by thrill-seekers and sports hunters.

@@Coal
More than 300 million years ago, plant life growing in swamps began to decompose. Layers of sand and mud covered the decomposing plants, and the decaying plants were compressed by the combined weight of water and sediment. Over time, the plant matter hardened and became coal. Coal deposits are mined all over the world, and coal was one of the major fuel sources in the world through the 1970's. In many countries, concern over the environmental effects of the burning of coal has led to a decline in its use. The smoke produced by burning coal has a high acid content, and creates an environmental condition known as "acid rain", which is harmful to plant and animal life. Despite the environmental concerns, some of the largest coal mines in the U.S. each still produce more than 450,000 metric tons annually, making coal mining a very profitable industry.

@@Fish
Prevailing winds, ocean currents, and deep water trenches can often combine to produce conditions that are optimum for fishing. In areas such as the Pacific coast of Central and South America, offshore winds push the warm surface waters out to deeper waters. Underwater currents push cold, nutrient-rich water from deep below the surface back toward the coast. The high concentration of nutrients in this colder water, caused by decomposition of organic matter at extreme depths, creates an ideal environment for fish and other sea life. Civilizations with access to areas such as this can significantly increase their food supply by establishing a thriving fishing industry.

@@Fruit
The tropical environments that are so conducive to the growth of jungles also provide the perfect environment for growing certain fruits. Bananas, for example, originally native to the jungles of Southeast Asia, are an excellent, naturally occurring food crop. Many such fruits, including the banana, can be transplanted and grown in similar climates all over the world.

@@Furs
Throughout history, animal furs have been valuable commodities for trade and sale. Many different types of animals including minks, rabbits, and beavers have been captured by trappers for the purpose of obtaining their pelts for use in the making of clothing and other items. The exploration and colonization of the New World caused the fur industry to boom by making a variety of furs readily available. By the late 1800's, farms were set up specifically to raise animals for the fur industry. Starting in the 1970's, environmentalists and animal rights groups have lobbied to change public opinion concerning the harvesting and sale of furs. Despite these vocal groups, the fur industry remains profitable, if not as wide spread, in the world today.

@@Game (Forest)
@@Pheasant
Since ancient times, hunting of game animals has been important both for survival and for sport. Forested areas containing a large concentration of deer, elk, and smaller game were very valuable as a source of food for nearby settlements and cities. Though the widespread practice of farming domestic animals for food purposes has made hunting for sport much more common than hunting for food, certain animals such as geese, ducks, and deer are still frequently hunted and killed for food.

@@Musk Ox
Settlements in the sparse tundra regions of the arctic cannot raise crops and domestic animals for food due to the harsh conditions. They are, therefore, much more dependent on the hunting and trapping of local wildlife for food. The many species of birds and small game, as well as larger animals such as elk and caribou, provide a source of food in an environment that is otherwise barren and inhospitable.

@@Gems
Gemstones, treasured throughout time for their beauty and value, have always been a sought-after commodity. Most gemstones, such as diamonds, are mined in various areas throughout the world, most notably Africa. Some of the most notable gem deposits, however, have been found in archeological digs. The ruins of ancient civilizations in the jungles of Central and South America have sometimes been found to hide large quantities of precious and semi-precious gems, as well as gold and other items of value. The discovery of such a site can lead to an increase in trade in the areas surrounding the dig, as both professional and amateur treasure hunters swarm to the region to seek their fortune.

@@Gold
Gold has always been one of the most highly valued metals in the world. It is used in the manufacture of everything from jewelry to electronics, and has been established as the basis for monetary systems world wide. The factor that makes gold valuable is its rarity. Although gold can be found in many different areas, the most valuable deposits are large veins of gold ore running through mountains. When a large deposit is found, mining the deposit greatly boosts the economy in settlements and cities near the mine. An historical example of this phenomenon are the many towns that grew and prospered over a relatively short time during the California gold rush in America during the 1800's.

@@Iron
When early civilizations began to use metal to construct tools and weapons, the most commonly used metal was bronze. Bronze had the advantage of being readily available and easy to work with. Unfortunately, it was too soft to hold an effective edge. In the mid-14th century in central Europe, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice, and the Iron Age was begun. Since this time, iron has been a valuable commodity. Deposits of iron and iron ore found in mountains are mined and processed for use in their raw form, and in the production of steel.

@@Ivory
Ivory, the hard substance of which elephant tusks are composed, is highly sought for the carving of ornamental objects. Most ivory is obtained from the tusks of African elephants, but other sources include the tusks of walruses and the fossilized tusks of prehistoric elephants and mammoths found in the northern glacial regions of the world. Although importation of ivory has been banned in many countries due to the fact that many of the species from which it is obtained are now endangered, the ivory trade was once a widespread and profitable venture.

@@Oasis
In rare instances, underground reservoirs or rivers beneath a desert may run near the surface, forming a lake in the middle of an otherwise barren region of land. The presence of water allows plants to grow, and may even attract animal life. An oasis makes it easier for human settlements to survive in desert climates by providing rich soil for the growing of food crops. Since they are so rare, oases are fiercely guarded by desert dwellers who are lucky enough to stumble across them.

@@Oil
Oil has been known to humans since ancient times. Oil deposits found on the surface were used for centuries for waterproofing and fuel purposes. But it was not until the coming of the Industrial Revolution that civilization began to form a dependence on petroleum products. The widespread use of oil for fuel, lubrication, and other purposes led to a search for larger supplies. In the mid 1800's, the first oil wells were drilled, marking the beginning of a tremendously important and profitable industry. Today, with the world's oil supplies dwindling and the demand for oil constantly rising, oil is a more valuable resource than ever.

@@Peat
Some bogs and swamps contain a brown organic material known as peat. Peat is made up of partially-decomposed plant matter, and has a high carbon content. Although dried peat is sometimes compressed and burned as fuel, the most valuable use for peat is as a fertilizer and mulch for farming and gardening. The high mineral content and its ability to retain moisture make peat well-suited to this purpose.

@@Silk
Silk has been a valuable commodity for textiles since its properties were discovered in the 27th century BC. Silk is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm moth, which was originally native to the forests of China. The fine fibers of the cocoon is woven into cloth, which is used to make all types of clothing. Raw silk was obtained only from Asia until 550 AD, when two monks sent from the Roman Empire secretly stole silkworm eggs from China and brought them to Europe. Eventually, silkworms were found in many areas throughout the world. Less expensive synthetic fibers of the 20th century led to a decline in the silk market, but silk is still very popular in many types of clothing and other goods.

@@Spice
Certain types of plants have evolved in such a way that they produce mild toxins or repellents that make their odor or flavor distasteful to animals. Oddly enough, many of these plants were sought by humans because of these smells and tastes. A profitable spice trade was begun by merchants in the Middle East before 2000 BC. Spices are used now, as they were in the ancient world, to preserve food and enhance its flavor. Although spices are now commercially cultivated and prepared, most types can still be found in abundance in nature. Many of the most popular spices, such as cloves and nutmeg, are extracted from plants that grow in tropical or swampy regions of the world.

@@Whales
Whaling, the hunting and killing of whales for oil and other byproducts, was practiced as an organized industry as early as 875 AD. By the 16th century, it had risen to be the principle industry in the coastal regions of Spain and France. The industry spread throughout the world, and became increasingly profitable in terms of trade and resources. Some regions of the world's oceans, along the animals' migration routes, had a particularly dense whale population, and became the targets for large concentrations of whaling ships, and the industry continued to grow well into the 20th century. The depletion of some whale species to near extinction led to the banning of whaling in many countries by 1969, and to a worldwide cessation of whaling as an industry in the late 1980's.

@@Wheat
Wheat has been a staple crop for civilizations occupying temperate zones of the planet since pre-historic times. There is archeological evidence that bread wheat was cultivated in southern Turkestan as early as 6000 BC, though naturally occurring wheat was probably used for food purposes much earlier. Throughout the temperate zones, wheat has become the primary food crop. It is particularly well suited for growth in vast, open plains like those found in the central United States.

@@Wine
Wine, a beverage made from fermented grapes, was first produced as early as 6000 BC. Its use spread throughout the Middle East and Egypt, and it quickly became a popular beverage of the ancient world. The grapes used for the making of wine are grown in many different regions of the world. Most vineyards are located in hills and valleys of temperate regions. Wine making as an industry has been perfected over several centuries. Many regions such as the Rhine and Loire valleys of Europe are well known for their fine wines, and derive a significant portion of their economy from wine making.

@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the GOVERN.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Fundamentalism will be the 5'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Monarchy
2,			; Communism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Anarchy
Anarchy represents not so much a government type as the lack of any stable government. Anarchy occurs when your civilization's government falls, or when you decide to have a Revolution. After a few turns of Anarchy, you can rebuild a new government. Anarchy is similar to Despotism, except that the corruption rate is VERY HIGH. However, no taxes are collected during a period of Anarchy, and no scientific research is conducted.

@@Despotism	
In a Despotism, the ruler has absolute control over his or her subjects, and this control is usually enforced by the military. This system has a tendency to minimize individual freedom, and reduce the efficiency of production efforts. 

* Each unit above the city size costs one Shield per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Despotism has a high rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Despotism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 60%.
* Any terrain square that ordinarily produces three or more of any resource (Food, Shields, or Trade) produces one less.

@@Communism
With the Return of the King,

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes two unhappy citizens content.

* Under Kingship, your cities will experience no corruption or wastage.

* Under Kingship, Tax/Luxury/Lore rates can go up to 80%. 

Kingship is much superior to Stewardship, allow the King to return as soon as you can.

@@Democracy
Years of seperation have reduced cooperation between various Elven communities and reduces their military options. Besides many of them are only thinking of leaving for the Undying Lands. In general, too many units outside of Elven cities will cause unhappiness. However, Elves are still far more advanced than any of the other races and have many wonders to increase the happiness of their people.

@@Fundamentalism
Subjugation is a form of government organized around an external oppressive leader. No one ever dares to display discontent and there is very little corruption. However, there is no creativity and the rate of discoveries is halved.

* Each unit beyond the tenth unit costs one Shield per turn.

* Under Subjugation the Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.

* Improvements that normally convert unhappy citizens to content citizens produce tribute goldequivalent to the number of people they would normally convert, and require no maintenance.

@@Monarchy
In the absence of a King, the Kingdom is ruled by a Steward. The Stewards's rule is less absolute than that of a King and he or she usually lacks the acceptance of at least the upper-class.

* Each unit beyond the eighth unit costs one Shield per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Stewardship has a relatively high rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under Stewardship, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 70%.

The Steward is supposed to be a stop-gap leader. Allow the King to return as soon as possible.

@@Republic 
Dynastic Rule is a lose coalition of smaller kingdoms, spread over a wide area, where each regional overlord passes his reign to one of his family members. Each kingdom has full latitude in the governing of its affairs and this leads to inefficiencies in times of war but high Science and Luxury revenues in times of peace because of the competition between kingdoms.

Each unit beyond the first unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes one citizen in its home city to become unhappy.

Dynastic coalitions experience a low rate of corruption and waste although the farther a city is from the capital, the higher its level of corruption.

The maximum Tax/Luxury/Science rates is 80%.

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the CONCEPT.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;

@@Peasants
The units named 'Peasants' ARE NOT settlers. They are immobile and but will be upgraded to Rohan Lancers by the Seaven Beacons wonder during mid-game. Do not disband them and protect as many as you can from the orcs.

@@Heroes
All your Hero units outside the dungeons ARE settlers so they cannot fortify. It is always better to attack then to defend when using Hero units. Don't waste  them founding new cities but you'll find them useful in building fortifications (with the right technology) and roads etc. Heroes are not as weak as they appear, they have double the hit points of regular units. 

@@Kill Zones
The Swamp and Wasteland terrain have a defence modifier of 0.50, so lure strong enemy units on to these areas to make it easier to kill them.

@@Tainted Land
Tainted Land is akin to Pollution in vanilla Civ2. When enough land is tainted, there is a chance that the Valar will decide to start sinking Middle Earth (i.e. global warming). Tainted Land can only be restored to normal land by Heroes. The occurance of Tainted Land can be reduced by building the 'News of Frodo' city improvement.

@@Government
Your Present government, Stewardship, is equivalent to Monarchy in vanilla Civ2. You can improve your form of government to Kingship, Communism in vanilla Civ2, by researching 'Return of the King'. Don't bother with revolutions until then. 
 
@@Campsites
Campsites are Airbases in vanilla Civ2. You'll be needing them as Hobbits are helicopters. They need to rest as they sustain damage simply by remaining in the open. Note, the Ring Bearers in the Dungeon maps are not helicopters. 

@@Citadels
It is not immediately apparent which cities have walls (i.e. Citadel in the Scenario). Generally any city which looks like a castle is likely to have walls. Look at the Cities.bmp if you want to be sure. 

@@Quest Units
There are only two units which can fulfill quests and they are marked with a Q in the defense minister table. There are also two corresponding types of quest items. All quest items are air units and have a yellow background. Aragorn can attack air units and so can kill any of these items on land tiles. However, some of the quest items are placed on water so the hobbit unit, which is a fighter-helicopter, is required. The hobbit in turn cannot pursue the Aragorn quest items because their attack factor is too small. Follow the directions of the event messages.

@@Hobbits
Hobbits are too used to the creature comforts of home and need to eat 10 meals a day to stay happy. They cannot stay in the open too long or their health will deteriorate. If you cannot house them in cities, allow them to rest at Campsites to regain their strength. (this does not apply to the Ring Bearer units)

@@Description Button
For the sake of players not entirely familiar with the Tolkien Universe, entries for the Description have been made for all Advances and Wonders. This should help give a better appreciation of the history of Middle Earth and add depth to the scenario for the unintiated. There are no description entries for Units or Improvements as these are already covered in the advances descriptions.

@@Objective Cities
There are 24 Objective cities. You start with 7 and you'll need 15 for a decisive victory. This is not as easy as it sounds for your Allies already control 4 and some cities will get razed. For a list of the objective cities, look at the 'find city' list under the Kingdom menu.

@This must be here to terminate search!!!

